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Home / Peek-A-Boo, Zika
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As the new darling of the worldwide infectious disease family, Zika virus has emerged as one of the most talked-about public health issues currently. But where did it come from? Why has public knowledge exploded about Zika? What are the possible ramifications as Zika continues to spread through the Americas? Do we really care?
According to several reported cases, Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito which can feed multiple times, landing on several human hosts in the course of one blood meal, thus spreading infection exponentially. As with all other vector-borne infectious diseases, only one arm of infectious disease prevention lies on proper vector control. Screening, using insecticides with DEET, and proper clothing can help lower mosquito infection transmission rates.
David Quammen writes for National Geographic:
This virus was first isolated in Uganda in 1947, within a small enclave called Zika Forest, near the west shore of Lake Victoria, where researchers from the Rockefeller Foundation were studying yellow fever. Ironically, the earliest known victim of Zika virus infection in Africa was an Asian macaque – a rhesus monkey, set out in a cage in a treetop as bait for the mosquitoes that carry yellow fever virus. Instead of that virus, it’s blood yielded this new thing, dubbed Zika.
Since Zika is closely related to the flaviviridae family, which includes yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya, the possibility of mini-outbreaks remains very real, following historical footprints. With the intimidating emergence of several infants born with microcephaly, Zika peeks its head out as a form of a “latent” disease; not terribly deadly within infected adults, but rather deals horrendous consequences to the unborn fetus. If not thoroughly checked, an entire generation of infants could possibly be affected in endemic areas. As northeastern Brazil continues to become an endemic location, where Zika becomes established in the local ecology, greater urgency becomes apparent to push for funding for a Zika vaccine:
Dr. Ernesto Marques, a Zika virus researcher who splits his time between the University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Vaccine Research and Brazil’s FioCruz research institute, said if funders were willing to put up $2 billion — and to provide it all now rather than in chunks over time — he thinks the work could be done in under eight years.
The economics of developing a Zika vaccine may also prove challenging.
Because the virus seems to pose the most severe threat to newborns, pregnant women who live in or plan to travel to parts of the world where Zika circulates might race to line up if a vaccine becomes available. Women who want to become pregnant would likely join them in line.
But because most people who are infected with Zika don’t even realize it — and because newly developed vaccines are generally not cheap — the market among people who aren’t women in the childbearing phase of life may not be strong.
Still, Marques thinks that won’t be a problem. He envisages a scenario where girls are given the vaccine before they reach reproductive age — which is the original marketing approach for human papillomavirus or HPV vaccines.
While Zika remains more of a threat to Central and South America, there are real concerns about Zika spreading northward into the southern U.S. states, such as Florida and the Southeast, where warmer seasonal changes could incur a spike in mosquito growth, and disease transmission. There have already been imported cases diagnosed within the U.S. and concern is high. However, with new funding being proposed and slowly approved for a Zika vaccine, it’s imperative to provide these at low- to no-cost for those endemic areas. So, yes, we should care. Even if the impact of Zika spreading throughout the U.S. may be lower than those in already-established endemic areas, there is a real possibility for even greater spread worldwide.
After all, Zika is still in its infancy. Let’s not let it grow bigger.
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I've sometimes been called a conspiracy theorist. It's intended as an insult. I wear it as a badge of honor - it means I pay attention.
As with most scare propaganda, the mainstream media was "reporting" all sorts of connections between Zika and microcephaly early in the game. However, even the scare mongers at the New York Times admit that, of the 2,200+ reported microcephaly cases, only 404 infants have been confirmed as having microcephaly, and only 17 tested positive for Zika:
Statistically and from a purely scientific perspective, doesn't sound like much of a connection as the mass media made it to be. Not that science stops the scare mongers at the WHO from declaring a global health emergency on the lack of evidence:
The government contradicting itself and changing stories are common political practices when you are playing upon people's fear (e.g., see the recent reporting of the Ebola outbreak). Considering what a mess Brazil is right now (and Latin American countries in general), it seems far more likely that poverty, pollution, and vitamin deficiencies are affecting microcephaly rates in Brazil:
For an "emergency" like Zika to come out of the blue after 50+ years of stagnation, I'm much more likely to believe a genetic engineering experiment went bad (like the coincidence that "Oxitec first unveiled its large-scale, genetically-modified mosquito farm in Brazil in July 2012") or an accidental release of germs from a biowarfare research lab than I am to believe anything that comes from the mainstream media or WHO. (After all, what were US biological warfare researchers doing in the Ebola zone? See also: the US Army inadvertently shipped live anthrax to Australia that was only disclosed many years later.)
So, should we care? Yes - but caring means caring about the truth and science, paying attention to evidence instead of fear and politics.